When the first speech segment is heard, a set of lexical candidates - words that begin with the same segment (the cohort) - are activated simultaneously. The original version of the Cohort model ( Marslen-Wilson & Welsh, 1978) emphasized the importance of word onsets in activating lexical candidates. Models of spoken word recognition make different claims about lexical activation. The results suggest that both embedded position and proportion play important roles in the activation of embedded words, but that such activation only occurs under unusually good listening conditions. When cognitive load was imposed, priming for embedded words was again found when they were presented in isolation (Experiment 4a), but not when they were embedded in the carrier words (Experiment 4b). Similarly, priming was eliminated when the carrier words were presented with one segment replaced by noise (Experiment 3). When the listening conditions were made suboptimal by expanding or compressing the primes, significant priming was found for isolated embedded words (Experiment 2a), but no priming was produced when the carrier words were compressed/expanded (Experiment 2b). Within carrier words (e.g., hamster), the same set of embedded words produced priming only when they were at the beginning or comprised a large proportion of the carrier word (Experiment 1b). When the listening conditions were optimal, isolated embedded words (e.g., ham) primed their targets in all six conditions (Experiment 1a). Facilitation of lexical decision responses to targets (e.g., pig) associated with words embedded in primes (e.g., hamster) indexed activation of the embedded words (e.g., ham). A series of auditory-auditory priming experiments assessed the activation of six types of embedded words (2 embedded positions × 3 embedded proportions) under different listening conditions. The current study investigated how listeners understand English words that have shorter words embedded in them.
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